This article examines and systematizes the case law of the International Criminal Court regarding perpetration, as provided for in article 25.3(a) of the Rome Statute. The purpose is to determine if the criteria and requirements of this form of responsibility in its four variants (direct perpetration, co-perpetration, indirect perpetration, and indirect co-perpetration) are well established in the case law of the International Criminal Court or whether, on the contrary, there are still aspects that are imprecise or where differences of opinion within the Court persist that need to be clarified in years to come.