Digital Violations of Reputation and Dignity

A Study of Online Platform Liability and Its Development under the Digital Services Act

Public defence of PhD thesis by Wendy Meng.

 

This PhD project explores the extent to which online hosting providers may be held liable under Danish tort law for contributing to digital personality violations such as defamation and non-consensual manipulated content. It focuses on the evolving legal standards governing platform conduct, particularly in light of the EU’s Digital Services Act 2024 (DSA) and its potential role in shaping new duties of care for online platforms.

The first part of the project situates intermediary liability within a broader transnational framework by examining three predominant regulatory models: the United States’ immunity-based approach, China’s strict liability regime and the European Union’s conditional liability model. These frameworks reflect how different regulatory systems approach and reconcile freedom of expression with the need to protect individuals from emerging digital harms.

The second part examines the protected interests at stake, namely personality rights and compensation for non-pecuniary harm under Danish law. It addresses the primary liability of individuals who disseminate manipulated and unlawful content that violates someone’s dignity, privacy or reputation. The analysis begins by identifying the nature of the primary wrongdoing in cases involving impersonation through manipulated content.

Central to this part is an examination of Section 26 of the Danish Liability and Compensation Act (Erstatningsansvarsloven), which provides the legal basis for awarding compensation for violations of one’s freedom, peace, honor or person. This part clarifies the notion of an “unlawful violation” as a prerequisite for compensation and sets the stage for the third and main part of the thesis, which explores whether such claims may also be directed against online intermediaries.

The third part forms the analytical core of the dissertation. It examines whether platforms may incur accessory liability under Danish tort law for hosting and facilitating the dissemination of unlawful content. The analysis considers how digital platforms can contribute to harm through psychological or passive contribution, such as inaction, inadequate content moderation infrastructure or algorithmic amplification. A central question is whether the due diligence obligations under the DSA de facto impose a stricter liability framework on platforms by elevating the standard of care. The analysis also considers the legal consequences that non-compliance with the DSA may entail in private law claims.

This part concludes with a comparative analysis of English tort law, focusing on accessory liability for online intermediaries in defamation cases. The analysis also considers the UK’s Online Safety Act 2023 (OSA), which in some respects parallels the DSA, thereby offering additional insight into how platform responsibility is conceptualised across jurisdictions.

Finally, the project places these findings within a broader global liability spectrum, mapping the respective positions of the US, China, the EU’s DSA (represented by the Danish framework) and the UK’s OSA (represented by the English framework). It contributes to ongoing legal and policy debates concerning online platform liability, accountability, the role of private governance and the shifting boundaries of lawful speech in a digital environment where private actors increasingly mediate public discourse.

 

 

Dette ph.d.-projekt undersøger i hvilket omfang udbydere af online hostingtjenester kan pådrage sig erstatningsretligt ansvar for medvirken til digitale krænkelser, herunder ærekrænkelser og ikke-samtykkebaseret manipuleret indhold. Projektet fokuserer på de retslige standarder for online platformes adfærd der er under udvikling, særligt i lyset af EU’s Digital Services Act 2024 (DSA) og dens potentielle rolle i at forme nye omsorgsforpligtelser (duties of care) for digitale mellemmænd.

Projektets første del redegør for mellemmandsansvaret som begreb i et bredere globalt perspektiv ved at undersøge tre dominerende reguleringsmodeller: USA’s immunitetsbaserede tilgang, Kinas strenge ansvarssystem samt EU’s model for betinget ansvar. Disse modeller afspejler hvordan forskellige retssystemer søger at balancere hensynet til ytringsfrihed med behovet for at beskytte enkeltpersoner mod digitale krænkelser og skadevirkninger.

Anden del behandler de beskyttede interesser der er på spil, nemlig personlighedsrettigheder og retten til godtgørelse for ikke-økonomisk skade i dansk ret. Her rettes fokus mod det primære ansvar for personer der offentliggør og udbreder retsstridigt materiale, som krænker andres ære, privatliv eller omdømme. Analysen indledes med en afklaring af den type krænkelse der kan opstå i sager, hvor manipuleret indhold anvendes til at efterligne personer. Centralt i denne del står en analyse af erstatningsansvarslovens § 26, som giver mulighed for godtgørelse ved krænkelse af nogens frihed, fred, ære eller person. Denne del præciserer begrebet retsstridig krænkelse som en betingelse for godtgørelse og danner grundlag for afhandlingens tredje og hoveddel, som undersøger om sådanne krav ligeledes kan rettes mod digitale mellemled.

Tredje del udgør afhandlingens kerne og undersøger, om online platforme kan pådrage sig et medvirkensansvar efter dansk erstatningsret for at facilitere udbredelsen af ulovligt indhold. Analysen ser nærmere på hvordan digitale platforme kan medvirke til skade gennem psykisk eller passiv medvirken, herunder passivitet, mangelfulde modereringsprocesser eller algoritmisk design. Et centralt spørgsmål er om DSA’s due diligence forpligtelser i praksis medfører en skærpet ansvarsstandard for platforme og hvilke privatretlige konsekvenser manglende overholdelse af disse forpligtelser kan have. Denne del afsluttes med en komparativ analyse af hvordan problemet om medvirkensansvar for digitale platforme er blevet behandlet i engelsk ret i sager om online ærekrænkelser. Analysen inddrager desuden Online Safety Act 2023 (OSA), som på visse punkter svarer til DSA’en og dermed giver yderligere indsigt i, hvordan platformansvar er under udvikling på tværs af jurisdiktioner.

Afslutningsvis placeres projektets samlede resultater inden for et globalt ansvarsspektrum, hvor USA, Kina, EU’s DSA (repræsenteret ved den danske ramme) og UK’s OSA (repræsenteret ved den engelske ramme) sammenholdes. Projektet bidrager til den aktuelle retlige og politiske debat om digitale platformes ansvar, forpligtelser, private governance og de skiftende grænser for lovlige ytringer i et digitalt landskab, hvor private aktører i stigende grad fungerer som rammesættende aktører i den offentlige debat.

 

Assessment committee

  • Professor Andreas Ehlers, University of Copenhagen (chair) 
  • Professor Cristina Poncibo, University of Turin
  • Professor Sten Shaumburg-Müller, University of Southern Denmark

Supervisor

  • Professor Vibe Garf Ulfbeck, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen

Registration

Please register for the defence no later than 27 February at 10:00.

The defence will be held in English.

A copy of the thesis can be ordered from phd-forsvar@jur.ku.dk.  

Reception

After the defence, Wendy and the Faculty of Law will host a reception in the Fireplace Room ('Pejsestuen'), room 7A-0-16, Njalsgade 76, ground floor.