How can scientists assist society and contribute to internationalpolicymaking–and just as crucially, how can society engage withand shape science? What will it take to make modern sciencediplomacy for the Anthropocene successful so that the benefitsof science are furthered and its risks and harms, as far as possible,prevented?In this article, we explore the relevance and usefulness of threeareas of study to these questions: science diplomacy, the humanright to science, and anticipation in the context of scientific andtechnological developments. We argue that a hithertounderappreciated aspect of science diplomacy–diplomacy(with)in science–has significant potential to complementanticipatory approaches such as the Geneva Science andDiplomacy Anticipator’s (GESDA’s) by furthering the same goals:ameliorating the negative impacts of scientific and technologicaldevelopments and facilitating their benefits. We relate theconcept of diplomacy (with)in science to the normativeframework of the right to science under international humanrights law and develop and motivate it further by illustrating twopotential areas for its application.