The development in rating-based executive functions in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from age 7 to age 11: the Danish high risk and resilience study
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Executive functions (EF) deficits are well documented in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), and to a lesser degree in children at familial high risk of bipolar disorder (FHR-BP). The aim of this study was to assess EF development in preadolescent children at FHR-SZ, FHR-BP and population-based controls (PBC) using a multi-informant rating scale. A total of 519 children (FHR-SZ, n = 201; FHR-BP, n = 119; PBC, n = 199) participated at age 7, at age 11 or at both time points. Caregivers and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF). The developmental pattern from age 7 to age 11, did not differ between groups. At age 11, caregivers and teachers rated children at FHR-SZ as having widespread EF deficits. A higher proportion of children at FHR-SZ had clinically significant scores on the General executive composite (GEC) and all BRIEF indices compared to PBC. According to the caregivers, children at FHR-BP had significantly more EF deficits than PBC on 9 out of 13 BRIEF scales, whereas according to teachers, they only had significantly more deficits on one subdomain (Initiate). Likewise, caregivers rated a significantly higher proportion of children at FHR-BP above the clinical cut-off on the GEC and Metacognition index, compared to PBC, whereas there were no significant differences according to teachers. This study highlights the relevance of including multi-informant rating scales in the assessment of EF in children at FHR-SZ and FHR-BP. The results imply a need to identify children at high risk who would benefit from targeted intervention.
Original language | English |
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Journal | European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |
Volume | 33 |
Pages (from-to) | 549–560 |
Number of pages | 12 |
ISSN | 1018-8827 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2024 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
- Bipolar disorder, BRIEF, Development, Executive functions, Rating-based assessment, Schizophrenia
Research areas
ID: 366645059