TY - JOUR

T1 - "HerdGPS-Preprocessor"-A Tool to Preprocess Herd Animal GPS Data; Applied to Evaluate Contact Structures in Loose-Housing Horses

AU - Salau, Jennifer

AU - Hildebrandt, Frederik

AU - Czycholl, Irena

AU - Krieter, Joachim

PY - 2020/10

Y1 - 2020/10

N2 - Simple SummaryMany studies are working with GPS sensors to track farm animals in order to gather information related to the animals' health, the use of space and resources provided to the animals or their social contacts. When a herd of animals is tracked uninterruptedly, a huge amount of data is generated. Furthermore, problems like the limited battery life of wireless sensors have to be dealt with. This article presents the software "HerdGPS-Preprocessor" for the preparation of GPS data collected from an animal herd. The GPS data is provided cleaned and organized, such that the output files enable direct statistical analysis. Additionally, contact lists are output to enable network analyses. This study also delivers an example analysis with the "HerdGPS-Preprocessor", in which GPS data of forty horses kept in a loose-housing barn were used to visualise and analyse contact networks. From the calculation of network parameters (density, diameter) and metrics associated to the clique structure of the horses, resting and activity phases could be distinguished. Furthermore, by network analysis it was shown that pasture opening and the visiting times of horse owners affect the contact structure. Thus, "HerdGPS-Preprocessor" is a valuable tool in studies collecting GPS data from herd animals.Sensors delivering information on the position of farm animals have been widely used in precision livestock farming. Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors are already known from applications in military, private and commercial environments, and their application in animal science is increasing. However, as trade-offs between sensor cost, battery life and sensor weight have to be made, GPS based studies scheduling long data collection periods and including a high number of animals, have to deal with problems like high hardware costs and data disruption during recharging of sensors. Furthermore, human-animal interaction due to sensor changing at the end of battery life interferes with the animal behaviour under analysis. The present study thus proposes a setting to deal with these challenges and offers the software tool "HerdGPS-Preprocessor", because collecting position data from multiple animals nonstop for several weeks produces a high amount of raw data which needs to be sorted, preprocessed and provided in a suitable format per animal and day. The software tool "HerdGPS-Preprocessor" additionally outputs contact lists to enable a straight analysis of animal contacts. The software tool was exemplarily deployed for one month of daily and continuous GPS data of 40 horses in a loose-housing boarding facility in northern Germany. Contact lists were used to generate separate networks for every hour, which are then analysed with regard to the network parameter density, diameter and clique structure. Differences depending on the day and the day time could be observed. More dense networks with more and larger cliques were determined in the hours prior to the opening of additional pasture.

AB - Simple SummaryMany studies are working with GPS sensors to track farm animals in order to gather information related to the animals' health, the use of space and resources provided to the animals or their social contacts. When a herd of animals is tracked uninterruptedly, a huge amount of data is generated. Furthermore, problems like the limited battery life of wireless sensors have to be dealt with. This article presents the software "HerdGPS-Preprocessor" for the preparation of GPS data collected from an animal herd. The GPS data is provided cleaned and organized, such that the output files enable direct statistical analysis. Additionally, contact lists are output to enable network analyses. This study also delivers an example analysis with the "HerdGPS-Preprocessor", in which GPS data of forty horses kept in a loose-housing barn were used to visualise and analyse contact networks. From the calculation of network parameters (density, diameter) and metrics associated to the clique structure of the horses, resting and activity phases could be distinguished. Furthermore, by network analysis it was shown that pasture opening and the visiting times of horse owners affect the contact structure. Thus, "HerdGPS-Preprocessor" is a valuable tool in studies collecting GPS data from herd animals.Sensors delivering information on the position of farm animals have been widely used in precision livestock farming. Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors are already known from applications in military, private and commercial environments, and their application in animal science is increasing. However, as trade-offs between sensor cost, battery life and sensor weight have to be made, GPS based studies scheduling long data collection periods and including a high number of animals, have to deal with problems like high hardware costs and data disruption during recharging of sensors. Furthermore, human-animal interaction due to sensor changing at the end of battery life interferes with the animal behaviour under analysis. The present study thus proposes a setting to deal with these challenges and offers the software tool "HerdGPS-Preprocessor", because collecting position data from multiple animals nonstop for several weeks produces a high amount of raw data which needs to be sorted, preprocessed and provided in a suitable format per animal and day. The software tool "HerdGPS-Preprocessor" additionally outputs contact lists to enable a straight analysis of animal contacts. The software tool was exemplarily deployed for one month of daily and continuous GPS data of 40 horses in a loose-housing boarding facility in northern Germany. Contact lists were used to generate separate networks for every hour, which are then analysed with regard to the network parameter density, diameter and clique structure. Differences depending on the day and the day time could be observed. More dense networks with more and larger cliques were determined in the hours prior to the opening of additional pasture.

KW - GPS data

KW - data preprocessing

KW - precision livestock farming

KW - herd structure

KW - network analysis

KW - animal tracking

KW - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

KW - VIDEO SURVEILLANCE

KW - ACTIVITY BEHAVIOR

KW - NETWORK ANALYSIS

KW - TRADE NETWORK

KW - FERAL HORSES

KW - DAIRY-COWS

KW - SLIP RATE

KW - IMPLEMENTATION

KW - FEASIBILITY

U2 - 10.3390/ani10101932

DO - 10.3390/ani10101932

M3 - Journal article

VL - 10

JO - Animals

JF - Animals

SN - 2076-2615

IS - 10

M1 - 1932

ER -