TY - JOUR

T1 - Daily mobility patterns in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy individuals

AU - Faurholt-Jepsen, Maria

AU - Busk, Jonas

AU - Vinberg, Maj

AU - Christensen, Ellen Margrethe

AU - Þórarinsdóttir, Helga

AU - Frost, Mads

AU - Bardram, Jakob E.

AU - Kessing, Lars Vedel

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Background: Alterations in energy and activity in bipolar disorder (BD) differ between affective states and compared with healthy control individuals (HC). Measurements of activity could discriminate between BD and HC and in the monitoring of affective states within BD. The aims were to investigate differences in 1) passively collected smartphone-based location data (location data) between BD and HC, and 2) location data in BD between affective states. Methods: Daily, patients with BD and HC completed smartphone-based self-assessments of mood for up to nine months. Location data reflecting mobility patterns, routine and location entropy was collected daily. A total of 46 patients with BD and 31 HC providing daily data was included. Results: A total of 4,859 observations of smartphone-based self-assessments of mood and mobility patterns were available from patients with BD and 1,747 observations from HC. Patients with BD had lower location entropy compared with HC (B= -0.14, 95% CI= -0.24; -0.034, p=0.009). Patients with BD during a depressive state were less mobile compared with a euthymic state. Patients with BD during an affective state had lower location entropy compared with a euthymic state (p<0.0001). The AUC of combined location data was rather high in classifying patients with BD compared with HC (AUC: 0.83). Limitations: Individuals willing to use smartphones for daily self-monitoring may represent a more motivated group. Conclusion: Alterations in location data reflecting mobility patterns may be a promising measure of illness and illness activity in patients with BD and may be used to monitor the effects of treatments.

AB - Background: Alterations in energy and activity in bipolar disorder (BD) differ between affective states and compared with healthy control individuals (HC). Measurements of activity could discriminate between BD and HC and in the monitoring of affective states within BD. The aims were to investigate differences in 1) passively collected smartphone-based location data (location data) between BD and HC, and 2) location data in BD between affective states. Methods: Daily, patients with BD and HC completed smartphone-based self-assessments of mood for up to nine months. Location data reflecting mobility patterns, routine and location entropy was collected daily. A total of 46 patients with BD and 31 HC providing daily data was included. Results: A total of 4,859 observations of smartphone-based self-assessments of mood and mobility patterns were available from patients with BD and 1,747 observations from HC. Patients with BD had lower location entropy compared with HC (B= -0.14, 95% CI= -0.24; -0.034, p=0.009). Patients with BD during a depressive state were less mobile compared with a euthymic state. Patients with BD during an affective state had lower location entropy compared with a euthymic state (p<0.0001). The AUC of combined location data was rather high in classifying patients with BD compared with HC (AUC: 0.83). Limitations: Individuals willing to use smartphones for daily self-monitoring may represent a more motivated group. Conclusion: Alterations in location data reflecting mobility patterns may be a promising measure of illness and illness activity in patients with BD and may be used to monitor the effects of treatments.

KW - Bipolar disorder

KW - Digital phenotyping, Mobile sensing

KW - Mobility

KW - Mood

U2 - 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.087

DO - 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.087

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 33010566

AN - SCOPUS:85091766578

VL - 278

SP - 413

EP - 422

JO - Journal of Affective Disorders

JF - Journal of Affective Disorders

SN - 0165-0327

ER -