The future introduction of new treatments based on techniques such as genome editing, cell therapy, and antisense oligonucleotides might be delayed or not realized due to the unequal legal landscapes and cross-border differences. Countries that favor innovation and provide the best local policy preferences, such as market incentives, regulatory approvals, and research funding, likely will have a competitive edge. But patients will lose in the end if the negative impact of cross-border differences are not tackled. This Law in Life Science Talk compared the regulatory and IP landscape for one form of advanced biotechnology, N-of-1 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and explore how cross-border differences are likely to affect innovation in the area, and what we should do about it.