Cesarean section (CS) has been associated with an increased risk of mental disorders in the offspring. This could possibly be explained by an inadequate microbial colonization early in life with a consequential disturbed gut-brain interaction. To investigate the link between delivery mode and behavior and develop a suitable animal model for further research of the gut-brain axis, the aim of this study was to characterize the gut microbiota (GM) together with the behavioral response in various behavioral tests in CS-delivered mice. We hypothesized that mice delivered by CS would present with disturbances in normal physiological behavior possibly due to an inadequate microbial colonization. C57BL/6 mice delivered by CS or vaginal delivery (VD) were cross fostered and, as adults, observed for anxiety-related behavior in the open field test, social deficits in a sociability test and compulsive behavior in the marble burying test. GM was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The open field test showed that CS-delivered mice had a decreased activity and accelerated defecation compared to VD-delivered mice. In addition, CS-delivered female mice spend less time interacting with cage mates in the sociability test, whereas there was no effect of CS delivery on the average number of marbles buried. In conclusion, CS-delivered mice had a more pronounced anxiety-like behavior and showed less preference for sociability in female offspring.