Background: There is currently renewed interest in foods based on ancient cereals because consumers often consider such foods to be healthy and sustainable. Interest in ancient cereals is also growing among farmers and in the food industry due to increased demands for adaptability and the urgent need to preserve genetic diversity. Scope and approach: In this review, we attempt to summarise recent findings regarding the content of nutrients and bioactive compounds in ancient cereals and their potential impact on human health in comparison with modern varieties. A literature review was conducted by collecting, evaluating and analysing data from publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals written in English language. Key findings and conclusions: As indicated in several studies, ancient cereal varieties might have beneficial nutritional profile and consumers appreciate the taste and flavour of foods based on ancient cereals. These cereals have the potential to contribute to the improved sustainability and resilience of cropping systems. In addition, the production and consumption of foods based on ancient cereals indirectly encourages biodiversity, which has become a priority in environmental and organic farming circles. In conclusion, due to their unique nutritional value and phytochemical profile as well as their sensory characteristics, there is good potential for ancient cereals and associated products to become a part of a healthy diet.